Myelodysplastic Syndromes - MDS - Introduction
ON THIS PAGE : You will find some basic information about this disease and the parts of the body it may affect. This is the first page of Cancer.Net’s Guide to Myelodysplastic Syndromes (MDS). Use the menu to see other pages. Think of that menu as a roadmap for this entire guide.
About the blood and bone marrow
Bone marrow is the spongy, red tissue found in the center of large bones. It stores immature cells called stem cells. Stem cells usually mature into white blood cells, red blood cells, and platelets during a process called hematopoiesis. These cells have different functions in the body:
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Red blood cells carry oxygen throughout the body
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White blood cells fight infection
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Platelets form clots to stop bleeding
About myelodysplastic syndromes
Myelodysplastic neoplasms or syndromes, also known as MDS, are a group of blood and bone marrow disorders. MDS is considered a type of cancer.
In MDS, stem cells do not mature as expected. This means there are too many immature cells, called blasts, and abnormally developed cells, called dysplastic cells. There are also too few healthy mature cells, causing the bone marrow to not work well or to stop working. This means there are less healthy red blood cells, white blood cells, and/or platelets. The numbers of blood cells are often called blood cell counts (see Diagnosis ).
People with MDS often have co-existing conditions caused by the decrease in healthy cells, including:
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Anemia , which is a low red blood cell count
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Neutropenia , which is a low white blood cell count
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Thrombocytopenia , which is a low platelet count
Dysplastic white blood cells and platelets, in particular, may not work well. Even if the number of blood cells is normal in a person with MDS, their blood and bone marrow cells can still be abnormal.
There are several subtypes of MDS. Some subtypes of MDS may eventually turn into acute myeloid leukemia (AML) . AML is a cancer of the blood in which immature cells called blasts increase and grow more quickly.
Looking for More of an Introduction?
If you would like more of an introduction, explore these related items. Please note that these links will take you to other sections on Cancer.Net:
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Find a Cancer Doctor. Search for a cancer specialist in your local area using this free database of doctors from the American Society of Clinical Oncology (ASCO).
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Cancer Terms. Learn what medical phrases and terms used in cancer care and treatment mean.
The next section in this guide is Statistics . It helps explain the number of people who are diagnosed with MDS and general survival rates. Use the menu to choose a different section to read in this guide.
Myelodysplastic Syndromes - MDS - Statistics
ON THIS PAGE: You will find information about the estimated number of people who will be diagnosed with myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS) each year. Use the menu to see other pages.
Every person is different, with different factors influencing their risk of being diagnosed with this group of disorders and the chance of recovery after a diagnosis. It is important to talk with your doctor about any questions you have around the general statistics provided below and what they may mean for you individually. The original sources for these statistics are provided at the bottom of this page.
More than 10,000 people in the United States are diagnosed with MDS each year. MDS is uncommon in people younger than 50. It is most common in people in their 70s. As the U.S. population continues to age, the number of people diagnosed with MDS each year is likely to increase.
Death from MDS is often caused by bleeding and/or infection from low blood cell counts or after the disease becomes acute myeloid leukemia (AML). About a third of people with MDS develop AML .
Talk with your doctor if you have any questions about this information. Learn more about understanding statistics .
Statistics adapted from the websites of the American Cancer Society and the National Cancer Institute. (All sources accessed February 2023.)
The next section in this guide is Risk Factors . It explains the factors that may increase the chance of developing MDS. Use the menu to choose a different section to read in this guide.
Myelodysplastic Syndromes - MDS - Risk Factors
ON THIS PAGE: You will find out more about the factors that increase the chance of developing myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS). Use the menu to see other pages.
What are the risk factors for MDS?
A risk factor is anything that increases a person’s chance of developing a disease. Although risk factors often influence the development of MDS, most do not directly cause MDS. Some people with several risk factors never develop MDS, while others with no known risk factors do. Knowing your risk factors and talking about them with your doctor may help you make more informed lifestyle and health care choices.
The following factors may raise a person’s risk of developing MDS:
Age. MDS occurs most often in people older than 60 and is less common in younger people. MDS is rare in children.
Sex. Men develop MDS more often than women.
Exposure to environmental/occupational hazards. Long-term exposure to benzene, tobacco smoke, insecticides, and other toxins may increase the risk of developing MDS.
Previous chemotherapy or radiation treatment. Approximately 20% of people who develop MDS previously received chemotherapy or radiation therapy. This type of MDS is called secondary MDS (see Subtypes and Classification ).
Genetics. Most often, MDS is not inherited, or passed from parent to child within a family. However, some genetic changes may increase a person’s risk of developing MDS or other similar disorders, such as AML. This increased risk is called a germline predisposition.
Many of these genetic changes are linked with the inherited genetic conditions listed below, with the specific genes involved, when known. Research continues to identify other likely genetic factors.
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Myeloid neoplasms with germline predisposition without a pre-existing platelet disorder or organ dysfunction
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Germline CEBPA Pathogenic (P)/Likely Pathogenic (LP) variant (CEBPA-associated familial AML)
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Germline DDX41 P/LP variant
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Germline TP53 P/LP variant ( Li-Fraumeni syndrome )
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Myeloid neoplasms with germline predisposition and pre-existing platelet disorder
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Germline RUNX1 P/LP variant (familial platelet disorder with associated myeloid malignancy, FPD-MM)
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Germline ANKRD26 P/LP variant (Thrombocytopenia 2)
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Germline ETV6 P/LP variant (Thrombocytopenia 5)
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Myeloid neoplasms with germline predisposition and potential organ dysfunction
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Germline GATA2 P/LP variant (GATA2-deficiency)
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Bone marrow failure syndromes
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Severe congenital neutropenia (SCN)
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Shwachman-Diamond syndrome (SDS)
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Fanconi anemia (FA)
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Telomere biology disorders
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RASopathies ( Neurofibromatosis Type 1 , CBL syndrome, Noonan syndrome, or Noonan syndrome-like disorders)
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Down syndrome
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Germline SAMD9 P/LP variant (MIRAGE Syndrome)
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Germline SAMD9 P/LP variant (SAMDL-related Ataxia Pancytopenia Syndrome)
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Biallelic germline BLM P/LP variant (Bloom syndrome)
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You should let your doctor know if other people in your family have been diagnosed with any type of cancer, especially myeloid diseases.
The next section in this guide is Symptoms and Signs . It explains what changes or medical problems MDS can cause. Use the menu to choose a different section to read in this guide.
Myelodysplastic Syndromes - MDS - Symptoms and Signs
ON THIS PAGE: You will find out more about changes and medical problems that can be a sign of myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS). Use the menu to see other pages.
What are the symptoms and signs of MDS?
People with MDS may experience one or more of the following symptoms or signs. Symptoms are changes that you can feel in your body. Signs are changes in something measured, like taking your blood pressure or doing a lab test. Together, symptoms and signs can help describe a medical problem. Sometimes, people with MDS do not have any of the symptoms and signs described below. Or, the cause of a symptom or sign may be a medical condition that is not cancer. Symptoms that are caused by low blood counts include:
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Fatigue
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Weakness
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Shortness of breath
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Lightheadedness
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Easy bruising or bleeding
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Fever
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Frequent infections and bone pain
If you are concerned about any changes you experience, please talk with your doctor. Your doctor will try to understand what is causing your symptom(s). They may do an exam and order tests to understand the cause of the problem, which is called a diagnosis.
If MDS is diagnosed, reliving symptoms remains an important part of cancer care and treatment. Managing symptoms may also be called "palliative and supportive care," which is not the same as hospice care given at the end of life. You can receive palliative and supportive care at any time during cancer treatment. This type of care focuses on managing symptoms and supporting people who face serious illnesses, such as cancer. You can receive palliative and supportive care at any time during cancer treatment. Learn more in this guide's section on Coping with Treatment .
Be sure to talk to your health care team about the symptoms you experience, including any new symptoms or a change in symptoms.
The next section in this guide is Diagnosis . It explains what tests may be needed to learn more about the cause of the symptoms. Use the menu to choose a different section to read in this guide.
Myelodysplastic Syndromes - MDS - Diagnosis
ON THIS PAGE: You will find a list of common tests, procedures, and scans that doctors use to find the cause of a medical problem. Use the menu to see other pages.
Doctors use many tests to find, or diagnose, cancer. They also do tests to learn the extent of the disease. Doctors may also do tests to learn which treatments could work best.
For most types of cancer, a biopsy is the only sure way for the doctor to know if an area of the body has cancer. In a biopsy, the doctor takes a small sample of tissue for testing in a laboratory. If a biopsy is not possible, the doctor may suggest other tests that will help make a diagnosis.
How are myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS) diagnosed?
There are different tests used for diagnosing MDS. Not all tests listed below will be used for every person. Your doctor may consider these factors when choosing a diagnostic test:
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The type of cancer suspected
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Your signs and symptoms
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Your age and general health
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The results of earlier medical tests
In addition to a physical examination, the following tests may be used to diagnose MDS:
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Blood tests. A complete blood count , or CBC, measures the numbers of red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets. Blood tests may also be done to rule out other conditions that can cause symptoms similar to MDS, such as low levels of vitamin B120, iron folate, copper, and thyroid problems.
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Peripheral (circulating) blood smears. A drop of blood is placed on a glass microscope slide, smeared into a thin film, and placed under a microscope for examination. The percentages of the different types of cells are counted. Also, the appearance of cells under the microscope, called cell morphology, is looked at to find out if or how the cells are different from healthy cells.
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Bone marrow aspiration and biopsy. These 2 procedures are done to examine the bone marrow. Bone marrow has both a solid and liquid part. A bone marrow aspiration removes a sample of the fluid with a needle. A bone marrow biopsy is the removal of a small amount of solid tissue using a hollow needle. These procedures are often done at the same time and may be called a bone marrow examination.
A pathologist then analyzes the sample(s) to determine the percentage of red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets, and blasts. A pathologist is a doctor who specializes in interpreting laboratory tests and evaluating cells, tissues, and organs to diagnose disease. A common site for the bone marrow aspiration and biopsy is the pelvic bone, which is located in the lower back by the hip. Doctors generally give a type of medication called anesthesia beforehand to numb the area. Anesthesia is medication that blocks the awareness of pain. Stronger types of anesthesia can also be used to lessen the pain. The appearance of the bone marrow tissue, along with blood cell counts and chromosomal analysis (see below), is needed to confirm a diagnosis of MDS.
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Molecular testing. Your doctor may recommend running laboratory tests on a bone marrow sample to identify mutations in specific genes, abnormal proteins, and other factors unique to MDS. Results of these tests can help better classify the MDS, understand if the MDS is familial (also known as germline predisposition), determine your treatment options , and/or find out how treatment is working.
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Cytogenetic (chromosomal) analysis. Looking at the chromosomes of the cells in the blood and bone marrow shows specific abnormalities that help doctors tell the difference between MDS and other blood disorders. About 50% of people with MDS have 1 or more chromosomal abnormalities in their cancer cells, regardless of the subtype . Primary MDS often has a single chromosomal abnormality. Secondary MDS that occurs after prior exposure to chemotherapy or radiation often has many or complex chromosomal changes. The most common abnormalities affect chromosomes 5, 7, 8, 11, 12, 17, and 20.
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Immunophenotyping. Immunophenotyping is the examination of antigens, a specific type of protein, on the surface of the MDS cells. Immunophenotyping can help identify the type of MDS. This test is most often done with a flow cytometer.
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Genetic profiling using Next Generation Sequencing (NGS) of DNA. Most MDS cells have mutations in one or more genes that control the growth of cancer cells as well as resistance to treatment. The abnormal gene products that come from these mutations can sometimes be targeted with very specific drugs.
After diagnostic tests are done, your doctor will review all of the results with you. If the diagnosis is MDS, these results also help the doctor describe the disease and determine the subtype and classification.
The next section in this guide is Subtypes and Classification . It explains the system doctors use to describe MDS. Use the menu to choose a different section to read in this guide.
Myelodysplastic Syndromes - MDS - Subtypes and Classification
ON THIS PAGE: You will learn about how doctors describe myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS). This is called MDS subtype and classification. Use the menu to see other pages.
READ MORE BELOW
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How is MDS classified?
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Systems for MDS classification
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Systems for determining prognosis
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Recurrent MDS
How is MDS classified?
MDS classifications are a way of describing the disease, its severity, the need for treatment, and how long a person with MDS is expected to live, which is called a prognosis.
Doctors use diagnostic tests to find out the subtype and classification of MDS, so this may not be complete until all of the tests are finished. Knowing the classification helps the doctor recommend the best kind of treatment. It can also help predict a patient's prognosis, which is the chance of recovery. Each classification and prognostic system is described in more detail below.
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Systems for MDS classification
There are several different systems of classifying MDS and the prognosis for people with MDS. Your doctor may use one or more of these systems to understand how you are affected by MDS.
WHO system for MDS subtypes. The World Health Organization (WHO) developed a classification system for MDS to standardize the definitions of the different subtypes. This classification system was updated in 2022 and includes 6 different subtypes divided into two categories.
International Consensus Classification (ICC) system. This classification system was developed in collaboration with the Society for Hematopathology and the European Association for Haematopathology. The ICC system classifies different myeloid neoplasms (blood cancers), including MDS, and acute leukemias. It also includes 6 different subtypes.
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Systems for determining prognosis
There is no staging system for MDS. However, there are scoring systems that doctors use to help predict a person's risk of developing AML and overall prognosis. Each system uses three factors, based on results of different tests (see Diagnosis ):
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Low blood counts measured by hemoglobin level in red blood cells, platelet number, and neutrophil level. Neutrophil is a type of white blood cell.
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Percentage of blasts in the bone marrow
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Genetic changes from chromosome testing and molecular testing
There are two systems in place for determining the prognosis of a person with MDS. Both systems determine a person's risk on a range from "very low" to "very high." These system's help predict a person's risk of developing AML and overall survival. The types of treatment a person with MDS receives depends on their prognostic score. Your doctor may use either system for determining prognosis. Be sure to ask your doctor any questions you may have about which system they use and what this means for you.
Revised International Prognostic Scoring System (IPSS-R). This system looks at factors such as the percentage of blasts found in the bone marrow, type and extent of chromosomal changes, and levels of hemoglobin found in red blood cells, platelets, and a type of white blood cell called neutrophils.
Poor prognostic factors include:
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Certain types and higher numbers of chromosomal changes
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Higher percentage of blasts in the bone marrow
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Low levels of hemoglobin, platelets, and neutrophils
The total IPSS-R score places people with MDS into 5 distinct groups:
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Very low risk
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Low risk
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Intermediate risk
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High risk
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Very high risk
Molecular International Prognostic Scoring System (IPSS-M) uses the same data as the IPSS-R system and also uses the results of molecular testing. This can only be calculated if molecular testing has been completed. The information is entered in a calculator which will place the disease in 1 of 6 risk groups:
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Very low
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Low
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Moderate low
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Moderate high
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High
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Very high
People with a lower IPSS-R or IPSS-M score have the best outlook for survival and need less aggressive treatment. For patients with lower scores, overall survival rates tend to be lower when they need red blood cell transfusions. A red blood cell transfusion is a procedure in which blood cells from a healthy person, called a donor, are given to another person who has anemia, which means too few red blood cells. A person diagnosed with a high-risk subtype of MDS and whose prognostic score is high usually needs more intensive treatment.
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Recurrent MDS
Recurrent MDS is MDS that has come back after a period of remission, or absence of symptoms, also called “no evidence of disease” or NED. If the MDS does return, there will be another round of tests to learn about the extent of the recurrence. These tests and scans are often similar to those done at the time of the original diagnosis .
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Information about the subtype and classification will help the doctor recommend a specific treatment plan. The next section in this guide is Types of Treatment . Use the menu to choose a different section to read in this guide.
Myelodysplastic Syndromes - MDS - Types of Treatment
ON THIS PAGE: You will learn about the different types of treatments doctors use for people with myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS). Use the menu to see other pages.
This section explains the types of treatments, also known as therapies, that are the standard of care for MDS. “Standard of care” means the best treatments known. Information in this section is based on medical standards of care for MDS in the United States. Treatment options can vary from one place to another.
When making treatment plan decisions, you are encouraged to discuss with your doctor whether clinical trials offer additional options to consider. A clinical trial is a research study that tests a new approach to treatment. Doctors learn through clinical trials whether a new treatment is safe, effective, and possibly better than the standard treatment. Clinical trials can test a new drug, a new combination of standard treatments, or new doses of standard drugs or other treatments. Clinical trials are an option for all stages of cancer. Your doctor can help you consider all your treatment options. To learn more about clinical trials, see the About Clinical Trials and Latest Research sections.
How MDS is treated
For MDS, different types of doctors who specialize in cancer, called oncologists, and blood disorders, called hematologists, often work together to create a patient’s overall treatment plan that combines different types of treatments. This is called a multidisciplinary team . Your health care team may include other health care professionals, such as physician assistants, nurse practitioners, nurses, social workers, pharmacists, counselors, dietitians, physical therapists, occupational therapists, and others. Learn more about the clinicians who provide cancer care .
Treatment options and recommendations depend on several factors, including the subtype and risk score of MDS , the risk of developing AML , possible side effects, and your preferences, age, and overall health. The goal of treatment may differ based on these factors. For lower-risk disease, the goal to bring blood counts back to healthy levels. For higher-risk disease, the goals of treatment are to prevent or slow the disease from developing into AML and control the disease in the bone marrow. As explained in the Subtypes and Classification section, a patient’s risk score and MDS subtype help doctors determine when treatment should begin. It is important to note that the treatments may not be equally effective for every patient.
Take time to learn about all of your treatment options and be sure to ask questions about things that are unclear. Talk with your doctor about the goals of each treatment and what you can expect while receiving the treatment. These types of conversations are called "shared decision-making." Shared decision-making is when you and your doctors work together to choose treatments that fit the goals of your care. Shared decision-making is important for MDS because there are different treatment options. Learn more about making treatment decisions .
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Growth factors
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Transfusions
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Chemotherapy
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Immunotherapy
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Bone marrow transplant/stem cell transplant
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Physical, emotional, social, and financial effects of MDS
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If MDS worsens
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Remission and the chance of recurrence
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If treatment does not work
Some people with MDS who do not have any symptoms may only need close monitoring, including measuring blood counts regularly.
Growth factors
Some people with low-risk MDS are treated with hematopoietic growth factors. Many of the symptoms of MDS are caused by a lack of blood cells. Growth factors are a natural substance made by the body that help the bone marrow make red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets. Growth factors can be made in a pharmaceutical lab. They may be injected beneath the skin or given as oral medications. Examples of growth factors include:
Red blood cell growth factors
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Epoetin (available as a generic drug)
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Darbepoetin (Aranesp)
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Luspatercept (Reblozyl)
White blood cell growth factors, also known as granulocyte colony stimulating factors or G-CSF
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Filgrastim (available as a generic drug)
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Peg-filgrastim (Neulasta)
Platelet growth factors, also known as TPO-mimetics
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Eltrombopag (Promacta)
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Romiplostim (Nplate)
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Blood transfusions
Red blood cell transfusions and platelet transfusions can help relieve the symptoms caused by anemia and thrombocytopenia. Almost everyone with MDS has anemia and common symptoms include fatigue, shortness of breath, and headache. Thrombocytopenia , which is when there are too few platelets in the blood, is also common for people with MDS. Thrombocytopenia can increase a person's risk of bleeding. Most people with MDS will need blood transfusions at some point.
During a blood transfusion, donated blood or blood components are given through a tube that is inserted directly into a vein with a needle. Blood or blood components flow through the tube and into the vein. Blood transfusions are done in an outpatient setting, meaning they are done at the doctor's office or clinic. They may take from 1 to 3 hours to complete.
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Therapies using medication
The treatment plan for MDS may include medications to destroy unhealthy cells. Medication may be given through the bloodstream to reach those cells throughout the body. When a drug is given this way, it is called systemic therapy.
This treatment is generally prescribed by a medical oncologist, a doctor who specializes in treating cancer with medication, or a hematologist, a doctor who specializes in treating blood disorders.
Medications are often given through an intravenous (IV) tube placed into a vein using a needle or as a pill or capsule that is swallowed (orally). If you are given oral medications to take at home, be sure to ask your health care team about how to safely store and handle them.
The types of medications used for MDS include:
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Chemotherapy
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Immunotherapy
Each of these types of therapies is discussed below in more detail. A person may receive a single type of medication at a time, or a combination of medications given at the same time. Medication can also be given as part of a treatment plan that includes other types of therapies.
The medications used to treat MDS are continually being evaluated. Talking with your doctor is often the best way to learn about the medications prescribed for you, their purpose, and their potential side effects or interactions with other medications.
It is also important to let your doctor know if you are taking any other prescription or over-the-counter medications or supplements. Herbs, supplements, and other drugs can interact with cancer medications, causing unwanted side effects or reduced effectiveness. Unless a vitamin deficiency exists, there is very little evidence that supplemental vitamins are helpful in MDS. Learn more about your prescriptions by using searchable drug databases .
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Chemotherapy
Chemotherapy is the use of drugs to destroy unhealthy cells, usually by ending those cells’ ability to grow and divide.
A chemotherapy regimen, or schedule, usually consists of a specific number of cycles given over a set period of time. A patient may receive 1 drug at a time or a combination of different drugs given at the same time. Which drug is given often based on information about the MDS subtype and classification .
Common drugs for MDS include:
Hypomethylating drugs
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Azacitidine (Vidaza)
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Decitabine (Dacogen)
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Decitabine and cedazuridine (Inqovi)
Both azacitidine and decitabine are approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) to treat all types of MDS. However, these drugs are used most often for patients with higher IPSS-R scores. Both can be given in the doctor’s office or clinic. Cedazuridine is an oral medication. Patients often need more than 1 round of treatment, given monthly, before it starts improving their health.
Conventional chemotherapy drugs for more intensive treatment
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Cytarabine (Cytosar-U)
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Daunorubicin (Cerubidine)
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Idarubicin (Idamycin)
People with high-risk subtypes of MDS who have an increased risk of developing AML may benefit from conventional chemotherapy. Overall, about 30% to 40% of patients may benefit from chemotherapy for MDS. Your doctor will consider factors such as your age and health before making any recommendations for conventional chemotherapy.
Immunomodulatory drugs (IMiD)
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Lenalidomide (Revlimid)
Lenalidomide is taken by mouth, or orally. It is very effective when given to patients with low-risk MDS and chromosome 5q abnormalities. Therefore, it is very important for doctors to find out whether a patient has this chromosomal change through testing.
In general, the side effects of drug therapy depend on the individual and the dose used, but they can include fatigue, risk of infection, nausea and vomiting, hair loss, loss of appetite, and diarrhea. These side effects usually go away after treatment is finished.
Learn more about the basics of chemotherapy .
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Immunotherapy
Immunotherapy uses the body's natural defenses to fight cancer by improving your immune system's ability to attack cancer cells. Although this is rarely used for MDS, it may be an option for some patients. A type of immunotherapy for MDS is antithymocyte globulin (ATGAM, Thymoglobulin).
Different types of immunotherapy can cause different side effects. Common side effects include skin reactions, flu-like symptoms, diarrhea, and weight changes. Talk with your doctor about possible side effects for the immunotherapy recommended for you. Learn more about the basics of immunotherapy .
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Bone marrow transplantation/stem cell transplantation
High-dose chemotherapy with bone marrow/stem cell transplantation is the only current treatment that can produce a long-term remission. However, transplantation is a higher-risk treatment and may not be recommended for patients who are older and/or have other medical problems. However, for patients ages 50 to 75, an ALLO transplant may be an option after reduced intensity treatment. Before recommending a transplant, your doctor will talk with you about the risks of this treatment. They will also consider several other factors, such as the subtype of MDS, results of any previous treatment, and your general health.
A bone marrow transplant is a medical procedure in which bone marrow that contains cancer is destroyed and replaced by highly specialized normal, healthy cells. These cells, called hematopoietic stem cells, develop into healthy bone marrow. Hematopoietic stem cells are blood-forming cells found both in the bloodstream and in the bone marrow. This procedure is also called a stem cell transplant or hematopoietic stem cell transplant.
There are 2 types of stem cell transplantation depending on the source of the replacement blood stem cells: allogeneic (ALLO) and autologous (AUTO). ALLO uses donated stem cells from a healthy donor, while AUTO uses the patient’s own stem cells. In both types, the goal is to destroy all of the unhealthy cells in the marrow, blood, and other parts of the body using high doses of chemotherapy and/or radiation therapy and then allow replacement blood stem cells to create healthy bone marrow. An ALLO transplant is usually the type recommended for people with MDS.
Side effects depend on the type of transplant, your general health, and other factors. Learn more about the basics of stem cell and bone marrow transplantation .
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Physical, emotional, social, and financial effects of MDS
MDS and its treatment often cause side effects, as well as emotional, social, and financial effects. Managing all of these effects is called palliative and supportive care. It is an important part of your care that is included along with treatments intended to slow, stop, or eliminate MDS.
Palliative and supportive care focuses on improving how you feel during treatment by managing symptoms and supporting patients and their families with other, non-medical needs. Any person, regardless of age or subtype and classification of MDS, may receive this type of care. And it often works best when it is started right after a diagnosis. People who receive palliative and supportive care along with treatment for MDS often have less severe symptoms, better quality of life, and report that they are more satisfied with treatment.
Palliative treatments vary widely and often include medication, nutritional changes, relaxation techniques, emotional support, and other therapies. You may also receive palliative treatments such as chemotherapy. Talk with your doctor about the goals of each treatment in the treatment plan.
Some people with MDS who do not have any symptoms may only need close monitoring, including measuring blood counts, to watch for any symptoms. People with low-risk MDS, meaning those with RA and RARS subtypes, usually receive supportive care to control symptoms and improve quality of life, including growth factors and blood transfusions (see above). Antibiotics may also be given to fight infection , a common side effect of low white blood cell counts.
Before treatment begins, talk with your health care team about the goals of each treatment in the recommended treatment plan. You should also talk about the possible side effects of the specific treatment plan and palliative and supportive care options. Many patients also benefit from talking with a social worker and participating in support groups. Ask your doctor about these resources, too.
Care for MDS is often expensive, and navigating health insurance can be difficult. Ask your doctor or another member of your health care team about talking with a financial navigator or counselor who may be able to help with your financial concerns .
During treatment, your health care team may ask you to answer questions about your symptoms and side effects and to describe each problem. Be sure to tell the health care team if you are experiencing a problem. This helps the health care team treat any symptoms and side effects as quickly as possible. It can also help prevent more serious problems in the future.
Learn more about the importance of tracking side effects in another part of this guide. Learn more about palliative and supportive care in a separate section of this website.
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If MDS worsens
If MDS continues to worsen despite treatment, it is a good idea to talk with doctors who have experience in treating the disease. Doctors can have different opinions about the best standard treatment plan. Clinical trials are also a treatment option. Learn more about getting a second opinion before starting treatment, so you are comfortable with your chosen treatment plan.
Your treatment plan may include a combination of the treatments discussed above. Palliative and supportive care will also be important to help relieve symptoms and side effects.
For most people, worsening MDS is very stressful and difficult. You and your family are encouraged to talk about how you feel with doctors, nurses, social workers, or other members of the health care team. It may also be helpful to talk with other patients, such as through a support group or other peer support program.
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Remission and the chance of recurrence
A remission is when MDS cannot be detected in the body and there are no symptoms. This may also be called having “no evidence of disease” or NED.
A remission may be temporary or permanent. This uncertainty causes many people to worry that the disease will come back. While many remissions are long-lasting, it is important to talk with your doctor about the possibility of the disease returning. Understanding your risk of recurrence and the treatment options may help you feel more prepared if the disease does return. Learn more about coping with the fear of recurrence .
If MDS does return after the original treatment, it is called recurrent MDS. If this happens, a new cycle of testing will begin to learn as much as possible about the recurrence. After this testing is done, you and your doctor will talk about the treatment options. Sometimes, new genetic mutations have appeared that can be targeted by new medications. Often the treatment plan will include the treatments described above, such as chemotherapy and bone marrow transplantation, but they may be used in a different combination or given at a different pace. Your doctor may suggest clinical trials that are studying new ways to treat this type of recurrent disease. Whichever treatment plan you choose, palliative and supportive care will be important for relieving symptoms and side effects.
People with recurrent MDS often experience emotions such as disbelief or fear. You are encouraged to talk with the health care team about these feelings and ask about support services to help you cope. Learn more about dealing with a recurrence .
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If treatment does not work
Recovery from MDS is not always possible. If MDS cannot be cured or controlled, the disease may be called advanced or terminal.
This diagnosis is stressful, and for some people, advanced MDS is difficult to discuss. However, it is important to have open and honest conversations with your health care team to express your feelings, preferences, and concerns. The health care team is there to help, and many team members have special skills, experience, and knowledge to support patients and their families. Making sure a person is physically comfortable and free from pain is extremely important.
Planning for your future care and putting your wishes in writing is important, especially at this stage of disease. Then, your health care team and loved ones will know what you want, even if you are unable to make these decisions. Learn more about putting your health care wishes in writing .
People who have advanced disease and who are expected to live less than 6 months may want to consider hospice care. Hospice care is designed to provide the best possible quality of life for people who are near the end of life. You and your family are encouraged to talk with your doctor or a member of your palliative care team about hospice care options, which include hospice care at home, a special hospice center, or other health care locations. Nursing care and special equipment can make staying at home a workable option for many families. Learn more about advanced care planning .
After the death of a loved one, many people need support to help them cope with the loss. Learn more about grief and loss .
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The next section in this guide is About Clinical Trials . It offers more information about research studies that are focused on finding better ways to care for people with MDS. Use the menu to choose a different section to read in this guide.
Myelodysplastic Syndromes - MDS - About Clinical Trials
ON THIS PAGE: You will learn more about clinical trials, which are the main way that new medical approaches are studied to see how well they work. Use the menu to see other pages.
What are clinical trials?
Doctors and scientists are always looking for better ways to care for people with myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS). To make scientific advances, doctors create research studies involving volunteers, called clinical trials. In fact, every drug that is now approved by the FDA was tested in clinical trials.
Many clinical trials focus on new treatments. Researchers want to learn if a new treatment is safe, effective, and possibly better than the standard treatment doctors use now. These types of studies evaluate new drugs, different combinations of existing treatments, new approaches to radiation therapy or surgery, and new methods of treatment. People who participate in clinical trials can be some of the first to get a treatment before it is available to the public. However, there are some risks with a clinical trial, including possible side effects and that the new treatment may not work. People are encouraged to talk with their health care team about the pros and cons of joining a specific study.
Some clinical trials study new ways to relieve symptoms and side effects during treatment. Others study ways to manage the late effects that may happen a long time after treatment. Talk with your doctor about clinical trials for symptoms and side effects. There are also clinical trials studying ways to prevent cancer.
Deciding to join a clinical trial
People decide to participate in clinical trials for many reasons. For some, a clinical trial is the best treatment option available. Because standard treatments are not perfect, patients are often willing to face the added uncertainty of a clinical trial in the hope of a better result. Others volunteer for clinical trials because they know that these studies are a way to contribute to the progress in treating MDS. Even if they do not benefit directly from the clinical trial, their participation may benefit future people with MDS.
Insurance coverage of clinical trials costs differs by location and by study. In some programs, some of the expenses from participating in the clinical trial are reimbursed. In others, they are not. It is important to talk with the research team and your insurance company first to learn if and how your treatment in a clinical trial will be covered. Learn more about health insurance coverage of clinical trials .
Sometimes people have concerns that, in a clinical trial, they may receive no treatment by being given a placebo or a “sugar pill.” A placebo is never given as the only treatment. Placebos are usually combined with standard treatment in most cancer clinical trials. When a placebo is used in a study, it is done with the full knowledge of the participants. Find out more about placebos in cancer clinical trials .
Patient safety and informed consent
To join a clinical trial, people must participate in a process known as informed consent. During informed consent, the doctor should:
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Describe all of the treatment options, so that the person understands how the new treatment differs from the standard treatment.
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List all of the risks of the new treatment, which may or may not be different from the risks of standard treatment.
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Explain what will be required of each person in order to participate in the clinical trial, including the number of doctor visits, tests, and the schedule of treatment.
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Describe the purposes of the clinical trial and what researchers are trying to learn.
Clinical trials also have certain rules called “eligibility criteria” that help structure the research and keep patients safe. You and the research team will carefully review these criteria together. You will need to meet all of the eligibility criteria in order to participate in a clinical trial. Learn more about eligibility criteria in clinical trials.
People who participate in a clinical trial may stop participating at any time for any personal or medical reason. This may include that the new treatment is not working or there are serious side effects. Clinical trials are also closely monitored by experts who watch for any problems with each study. It is important that people participating in a clinical trial talk with their doctor and researchers about who will be providing their treatment and care during the clinical trial, after the clinical trial ends, and/or if they choose to leave the clinical trials before it ends.
Finding a clinical trial
Research through clinical trials is ongoing. For specific topics being studied for MDS, learn more in the Latest Research section.
Cancer.Net offers more information about clinical trials in other areas of the website, including a complete section on clinical trials and places to search for clinical trials .
There are many resources and services to help you search for clinical trials for MDS, including the following services. Please note that these links will take you to separate, independent websites:
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ClinicalTrials.gov. This U.S. government database lists publicly and privately supported clinical trials.
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World Health Organization (WHO) International Clinical Trials Registry Platform. The WHO coordinates health matters within the United Nations. This search portal gathers clinical trial information from many countries’ registries.
Read more about the basics of clinical trials matching services .
In addition, this website offers free access to a video-based educational program about clinical trials, located outside of this guide.
The next section in this guide is Latest Research . It explains areas of scientific research currently going on for MDS. Use the menu to choose a different section to read in this guide.
Myelodysplastic Syndromes - MDS - Latest Research
ON THIS PAGE: You will read about the scientific research being done now to learn more about myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS) and how to treat them. Use the menu to see other pages.
Doctors are working to learn more about MDS, ways to prevent it, how to best treat it, and how to provide the best care to people diagnosed with this disease. The following areas of research may include new options for patients through clinical trials. Always talk with your doctor about the best diagnostic and treatment options for you.
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New drugs and drug combinations. Researchers are looking at treatments with the following:
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Azacitidine given by mouth and in combination with other drugs
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Decitabine in combination with other drugs
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Lenalidomide in patients who do not have abnormalities of chromosome 5
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Drugs called histone deacetylase inhibitors
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Drugs called polo-kinase inhibitors
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Different approaches to bone marrow/stem cell transplantation
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Antibodies that activate the immune system, such as antiCD47
Some of these medications, such as azacitidine, decitabine, and lenalidomide, have already been approved by the FDA for the treatment of MDS and are now being evaluated in different doses and schedules and in combination with other drugs.
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Palliative and supportive care. Clinical trials are underway to find better ways of reducing symptoms and side effects of current MDS treatments to improve patients’ comfort and quality of life. For instance, read about a 2023 study about treating anemia in people with lower-risk MDS.
Looking for More About the Latest Research?
If you would like more information about the latest areas of research in MDS, explore these related items that takes you outside of this guide:
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To find clinical trials specific to your diagnosis, talk with your doctor or search online clinical trial databases . Also, the MDS Foundation designates certain treatment centers as MDS Centers of Excellence , which offer clinical trials and specialized care for people with MDS. (Please note these last two links take you to other, independent websites.)
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Visit the Cancer.Net Blog to review research announced at the 2023 ASCO Annual Meeting about using medication to treat anemia for people with MDS.
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Listen to a podcast with an ASCO expert about recent research in treatment for MDS presented at the ASCO 2020 Virtual Scientific Program.
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Get updates from Cancer.Net delivered right to your inbox. Subscribe to the Inside Cancer.Net email newsletter.
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Visit the website of Conquer Cancer, the ASCO Foundation to find out how to help support cancer research. Please note this link takes you to a different ASCO website.
The next section in this guide is Coping with Treatment . It offers some guidance in how to cope with the physical, emotional, and social changes that MDS and its treatment can bring. Or, use the menu to choose another section to continue reading this guide.
Myelodysplastic Syndromes - MDS - Coping with Treatment
ON THIS PAGE: You will learn more about coping with the physical, emotional, social, and financial effects of MDS and its treatment. This page includes several links outside of this guide to other sections of this website. Use the menu to see other pages.
Every treatment for cancer can cause side effects or changes to your body and how you feel. For many reasons, people do not experience the same side effects even when they are given the same treatment for the same disease. This can make it hard to predict how you will feel during treatment.
READ MORE BELOW:
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Coping with physical side effects
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Coping with emotional and social effects
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Coping with the costs of cancer care
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Coping with barriers to care
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Talking with your health care team about side effects
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Caring for a loved one with MDS
As you prepare to start treatment for MDS, it is normal to fear treatment-related side effects . It may help to know that your health care team will work to prevent and relieve side effects. Doctors call this part of treatment palliative and supportive care. It is an important part of your treatment plan, regardless of your age or the stage of disease.
Coping with physical side effects
Common physical side effects from each treatment option for MDS are described in the Types of Treatment section. Learn more about side effects of MDS and its treatment, along with ways to prevent or control them . Changes to your physical health depend on several factors, including the subtype and classification of MDS, the length and dose of treatment, and your general health.
Talk with your health care team regularly about how you are feeling. It is important to let them know about any new side effects or changes in existing side effects. If they know how you are feeling, they can find ways to relieve or manage your side effects to help you feel more comfortable and potentially keep any side effects from worsening.
You may find it helpful to keep track of your side effects so it is easier to talk about any changes with your health care team. Learn more about why tracking side effects is helpful .
Sometimes, physical side effects can last after treatment ends. Doctors call these long-term side effects. They call side effects that occur months or years after treatment late effects . Treating long-term side effects and late effects is an important part of survivorship care. Learn more by reading the Follow-up Care section of this guide or talking with your doctor.
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Coping with emotional and social effects
You can have emotional and social effects as well as physical effects after a diagnosis of MDS. This may include dealing with difficult emotions, such as sadness, anxiety, fear, or anger, or managing stress. Sometimes, patients have problems expressing how they feel to their loved ones, or people do not know what to say in response.
Patients and their families are encouraged to share their feelings with a member of their health care team. You can also find coping strategies for emotional and social effects in a separate section of this website. This section includes many resources for finding support and information to meet your needs.
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Coping with the costs of cancer care
Treatment for MDS can be expensive. It may be a source of stress and anxiety for people with cancer and their families. In addition to treatment costs, many people find they have extra, unplanned expenses related to their care. For some people, the high cost of medical care stops them from following or completing their cancer treatment plan. This can put their health at risk and may lead to higher costs in the future. Patients and their families are encouraged to talk about financial concerns with a member of their health care team. Learn more about managing financial considerations in a separate part of this website.
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Coping with barriers to care
Some groups of people experience different rates of new cancer cases and experience different outcomes from their cancer diagnosis. These differences are called “cancer disparities.” Disparities are caused in part by real-world barriers to quality medical care and social determinants of health , such as where a person lives and whether they have access to food and health care. Cancer disparities more often negatively affect racial and ethnic minorities , people with fewer financial resources , sexual and gender minorities (LGBTQ+) , adolescent and young adult populations , adults older than 65 , and people who live in rural areas or other underserved communities .
If you are having difficulty getting the care you need, talk with a member of your health care team or explore other resources that help support medically underserved people .
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Talking with your health care team about side effects
Before starting treatment, talk with your doctor about possible side effects. Ask:
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Which side effects are most likely?
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When are they are likely to happen?
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What can we do to prevent or relieve them?
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When and who should I call about side effects?
Be sure to tell your health care team about any side effects that happen during treatment and afterward, too. Tell them even if you do not think the side effects are serious. This discussion should include physical, emotional, and social effects of MDS.
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Caring for a loved one with MDS
Family members and friends often play an important role in taking care of a person with MDS. This is called being a caregiver. Caregivers can provide physical, practical, and emotional support to the patient, even if they live far away. Being a caregiver can also be stressful and emotionally challenging. One of the most important tasks for caregivers is caring for themselves .
Caregivers may have a range of responsibilities on a daily or as-needed basis. Below are some of the responsibilities caregivers take care of:
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Providing support and encouragement
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Talking with the health care team
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Giving medications
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Helping manage symptoms and side effects
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Coordinating medical appointments
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Providing a ride to and from appointments
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Assisting with meals
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Helping with household chores
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Handling insurance and billing issues
A caregiving plan can help caregivers stay organized and help identify opportunities to delegate tasks to others. It may be helpful to ask the health care team how much care will be needed at home and with daily tasks during and after treatment. Use this 1-page fact sheet to help make a caregiving action plan. This free fact sheet is available as a PDF, so it is easy to print.
Learn more about caregiving or read the ASCO Answers Guide to Caring for a Loved One With Cancer in English or Spanish .
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Looking for More on How to Track Side Effects?
Cancer.Net offers several resources to help you keep track of your symptoms and side effects. Please note that these links will take you to other sections of Cancer.Net:
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Cancer.Net Mobile: The free Cancer.Net mobile app allows you to securely record the time and severity of symptoms and side effects.
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ASCO Answers Fact Sheets: Read 1-page fact sheets on anxiety and depression , constipation , diarrhea , rash , and immunotherapy side effects that provide a tracking sheet to record details about the side effect. These free fact sheets are available as a PDF, so they are easy to print, fill out, and give to your health care team.
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The next section in this guide is Follow-up Care . It explains the importance of check-ups after treatment is finished. Use the menu to choose a different section to read in this guide.
Myelodysplastic Syndromes - MDS - Follow-Up Care
ON THIS PAGE: You will read about your medical care after treatment is completed and why this follow-up care is important. Use the menu to see other pages.
Care for people diagnosed with myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) does not end when active treatment has finished. Your health care team will continue to check to make sure the disease has not returned, manage any side effects, and monitor your overall health. This is called follow-up care.
Your follow-up care may include regular physical examinations, medical tests, or both. Doctors want to keep track of your recovery in the months and years ahead. People treated for MDS need ongoing tests for blood counts and bone marrow function to check if or how the disease changes, how well current treatment is working, and whether additional treatment is needed.
Cancer rehabilitation may be recommended, and this could mean any of a wide range of services, such as physical therapy, occupational therapy, career counseling, pain management, nutritional planning, and/or emotional counseling. The goal of rehabilitation is to help people regain control over many aspects of their lives and remain as independent as possible. Learn more about cancer rehabilitation.
Learn more about the importance of follow-up care .
Watching for recurrence
One goal of follow-up care is to check for a recurrence. During follow-up care, a doctor familiar with your medical history can give you personalized information about your risk of recurrence. Your doctor will ask specific questions about your health. Some people may have blood tests or imaging tests done as part of regular follow-up care, but testing recommendations depend on several factors including the subtype and classification of MDS originally diagnosed and the types of treatment given.
The anticipation before having a follow-up test or waiting for test results can add stress to you or a family member. This is sometimes called “scanxiety.” Learn more about how to cope with this type of stress .
Managing long-term and late side effects
Most people expect to experience side effects when receiving treatment. However, it is often surprising to survivors that some side effects may linger beyond the treatment period. These are called long-term side effects. Other side effects called late effects may develop months or even years afterwards. Long-term and late effects can include both physical and emotional changes.
Talk with your doctor about your risk of developing such side effects based on your individual treatment plan and your overall health. If you had a treatment known to cause specific late effects, you may have certain physical examinations, scans, or blood tests to help find and manage them. People who received a stem cell/bone marrow transplant need follow-up care more often. This includes watching for symptoms and signs of graft-versus-host disease , a possible side effect of an ALLO transplantation (See Types of Treatment ).
Keeping personal health records
You and your doctor should work together to develop a personalized follow-up care plan. Be sure to discuss any concerns you have about your future physical or emotional health. The American Society of Clinical Oncology (ASCO) offers forms to help keep track of the cancer treatment you received and develop a survivorship care plan when treatment is completed.
This is also a good time to decide who will lead your follow-up care. Some survivors continue to see the health care team involved in their care for MDS, while others transition back to the care of their family doctor or another health care professional. This decision depends on several factors, including the treatments received, the possible side effects, health insurance rules, and your personal preferences.
If a doctor who was not directly involved in your care for MDS will lead your follow-up care, be sure to share your treatment summary and survivorship care plan forms with him or her and with all future health care providers. Details about your treatment are very valuable to the health care professionals who will care for you throughout your lifetime.
The next section in this guide is Survivorship . It describes how to cope with challenges in everyday life after a diagnosis of MDS. Use the menu to choose a different section to read in this guide.
Myelodysplastic Syndromes - MDS - Survivorship
ON THIS PAGE: You will read about how to cope with challenges in everyday life after a diagnosis of MDS. Use the menu to see other pages.
What is survivorship?
The word “survivorship” is complicated because it means different things to different people. Common definitions include:
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Having no signs of MDS after finishing treatment.
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Living with, through, and beyond MDS. According to this definition, survivorship begins at diagnosis and continues during treatment and through the rest of a person’s life.
For some, the term "survivorship" itself does not feel right, and they may prefer to use different language to describe and define their experience. Sometimes long-term treatment will be used for months or years to manage or control cancer. Living with MDS indefinitely is not easy, and the health care team can help you manage the challenges that come with it . Everyone has to find their own path to name and navigate the changes and challenges that are the results of their cancer diagnosis and treatment.
Survivors may experience a mixture of strong feelings, including joy, concern, relief, guilt, and fear. Some people say they appreciate life more after the diagnosis and have gained a greater acceptance of themselves. Others become very anxious about their health and uncertain about coping with everyday life. Feelings of fear and anxiety may still occur as time passes, but these emotions should not be a constant part of your daily life. If they persist, be sure to talk with a member of your health care team.
Survivors may feel some stress when their frequent visits to the health care team end after completing treatment. Often, relationships built with the health care team provide a sense of security during treatment, and people miss this source of support. This may be especially true when new worries and challenges surface over time, such as any late effects of treatment, emotional challenges including fear of recurrence, sexual health and fertility concerns, and financial and workplace issues.
Every survivor has individual concerns and challenges. With any challenge, a good first step is being able to recognize your fears and talk about them. Effective coping requires:
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Understanding the challenge you are facing
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Thinking through solutions
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Asking for and allowing the support of others
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Feeling comfortable with the course of action you choose
Many survivors find it helpful to join an in-person support group or an online community of survivors. This allows you to talk with people who have had similar first-hand experiences. Other options for finding support include talking with a friend or member of your health care team, individual counseling, or asking for assistance at the learning resource center of the place where you received treatment.
A new perspective on your health
For many people, survivorship serves as a strong motivator to make positive lifestyle changes.
People recovering from MDS are encouraged to follow established guidelines for good health, such as not smoking, limiting alcohol, eating well, and managing stress. Regular physical activity can help rebuild your strength and energy level. Your health care team can help you create an appropriate exercise plan based upon your needs, physical abilities, and fitness level. Learn more about making healthy lifestyle choices .
It is important to have recommended medical checkups and tests (see Follow-up Care ) to take care of your health. Rehabilitation may be recommended, and this could mean any of a wide range of services such as physical therapy, career counseling, pain management, nutritional planning, and/or emotional counseling. The goal of rehabilitation is to help people regain control over many aspects of their lives and remain as independent and productive as possible.
Talk with your health care team to develop a survivorship care plan that is best for your needs.
Changing role of caregivers
Family members and friends may also go through periods of transition. A caregiver plays a very important role in supporting a person diagnosed with MDS, providing physical, emotional, and practical care on a daily or as-needed basis. Many caregivers become focused on providing this support, especially if the treatment period lasts for many months or longer.
However, as treatment is completed, the caregiver's role often changes. Eventually, the need for caregiving related to the diagnosis will become much less or come to an end. Caregivers can learn more about adjusting to life after caregiving .
Looking for More Survivorship Resources?
For more information about survivorship, explore these related items. Please note that these links will take you to other sections of Cancer.Net:
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ASCO Answers Guide to Cancer Survivorship : Get this 48-page booklet that helps people transition into life after treatment. It includes blank treatment summary and survivorship care plan forms. The free booklet is available as a PDF, so it is easy to print out.
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Survivorship Resources : Cancer.Net offers information and resources to help survivors cope, including specific sections for children , teens and young adults , and people over age 65 . There is also a main section on survivorship for people of all ages.
The next section offers Questions to Ask the Health Care Team to help start conversations with your health care team. Use the menu to choose a different section to read in this guide.
Myelodysplastic Syndromes - MDS - Questions to Ask the Health Care Team
ON THIS PAGE: You will find some questions to ask your doctor or other members of the health care team, to help you better understand your diagnosis, treatment plan, and overall care. Use the menu to see other pages.
Talking often with the health care team is important to make informed decisions about your health care. These suggested questions are a starting point to help you learn more about your cancer care and treatment. You are also encouraged to ask additional questions that are important to you. You may want to print this list and bring it to your next appointment, or download Cancer.Net’s free mobile app for a digital list and other interactive tools to manage your care. It may also be helpful to ask a family member or friend to come with you to appointments to help take notes.
Questions to ask after getting a diagnosis
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What subtype of myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) do I have?
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What risk group am I in? What does this mean?
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Can you explain my pathology report (laboratory test results) to me?
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What is my prognosis?
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How likely is it that my MDS will respond to treatment?
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How do I find a doctor who specializes in the treatment of MDS?
Questions to ask about choosing a treatment and managing side effects
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What are my treatment options?
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What types of research are being done for MDS in clinical trials? Do clinical trials offer additional treatment options for me?
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Do I need to start treatment right away?
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Who will be part of my health care team, and what does each member do?
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Who will be leading my overall treatment?
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What treatment plan do you recommend? Why?
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What is the goal of each treatment? Is it to eliminate the MDS, manage my symptoms, or both?
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How often will I need to be treated, and for how long will I receive treatment?
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Will treatment be given in the hospital, or can it be given at the doctor’s office or clinic?
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Do I need someone to come with me when I get my treatment?
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What are the possible side-effects of this treatment, both in the short term and the long term?
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How will this treatment affect my daily life? Will I be able to work, exercise, and perform my usual activities?
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Could this treatment affect my sex life? If so, how and for how long?
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Could this treatment affect my ability to become pregnant or have children? If so, should I talk with a fertility specialist before treatment begins?
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If I’m worried about managing the costs of cancer care, who can help me?
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What follow-up tests will I need, and how often will I need them?
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What support services are available to me? To my family?
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Is there concern about this disease occurring in other members of my family?
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Whom should I call with questions or problems?
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What is the likely cost of treatment and supportive care?
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Will the treatment team coordinate care with my primary care provider?
Questions to ask about having chemotherapy, immunotherapy, or a bone marrow/stem cell transplant
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What type of treatment is recommended?
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What is the goal of this treatment?
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How long will it take to give this treatment?
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What side effects can I expect during treatment?
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How long will it be before I can resume full activity?
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What are the possible long-term or late effects of having this treatment?
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What can be done to prevent or relieve the side effects?
Questions to ask about planning follow-up care
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What is the chance that the cancer will come back? Should I watch for specific signs or symptoms?
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What long-term side effects or late effects are possible based on the treatment I received?
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What follow-up tests will I need, and how often will I need them?
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How do I get a treatment summary and survivorship care plan to keep in my personal records?
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When should I return to my primary care doctor for regular medical care?
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Who will be leading my follow-up care?
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What survivorship support services are available to me? To my family?
The next section in this guide is Additional Resources . It offers some more resources on this website beyond this guide that may be helpful to you. Use the menu to choose a different section to read in this guide.
Myelodysplastic Syndromes - MDS - Additional Resources
ON THIS PAGE: You will find some helpful links to other areas of Cancer.Net that provide information about medical care and treatment. This is the final page of Cancer.Net’s Guide to Myelodysplastic Syndromes (MDS). Use the menu to go back and see other pages.
Cancer.Net includes many other sections about the medical and emotional aspects of MDS for the person diagnosed and their family members and friends. This website is meant to be a resource for you and your loved ones from the time of diagnosis, through treatment, and beyond.
Here are a few links to help you explore other parts of Cancer.Net:
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Read more about the first steps to take when you are diagnosed with MDS .
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Find out more about clinical trials as a treatment option.
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Get information about managing the financial costs of medical care.
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Learn more about coping with the emotions that MDS can bring, including those within a family or a relationship.
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Find a national, not-for-profit advocacy organization that may offer additional information, services, and support for people with MDS.
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Explore what to do when you finish active treatment .
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To find a range of information and insights from different voices on timely cancer topics, visit the Cancer.Net Blog .
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Watch Cancer.Net videos with ASCO experts, patients, and caregivers explaining the basics of cancer treatment, side effects, survivorship, clinical trials, caregiving, and more.
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For more information about treatment options for this disease, see the following topic review from UpToDate: Patient information: Myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS) in adults (Beyond the Basics) . Please note that this link takes you to a separate, independent website.
This is the end of Cancer.Net’s Guide to Myelodysplastic Syndromes (MDS). Use the menu to choose a different section to read in this guide.